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What is the MAOA Gene?
The MAOA gene, also known as the monoamine oxidase A gene, is crucial for coding the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). This enzyme plays a vital role in the brain by breaking down key neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Located on the X chromosome, the MAOA gene is extensively studied due to its significant role in regulating neurotransmitter levels and its impact on various neuro-psychiatric conditions. Understanding the function of the MAOA gene helps in comprehending how imbalances in neurotransmitter levels can lead to different mental health issues.
Importance of MAOA
The MAOA gene is essential for maintaining the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain, which is critical for normal brain function and emotional regulation. Variations in the MAOA gene can influence the levels of neurotransmitters, potentially leading to a range of health conditions. For instance, altered MAOA activity has been linked to aggressive behavior, antisocial behavior, autism spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder. The gene’s role in these conditions underscores its importance in both mental health and behavioral traits, making it a key area of study for understanding mood and anxiety disorders.
What are monoamine oxidase gene mutations?
MAO-A (Monoamine oxidase A) is a critical enzyme involved in breaking down important neurotransmitters, and specific point mutations in this gene can have significant effects. Such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Males only have one allele since the gene is inherited through from their mother since it is located on the X chromosome. Only females can be heterozygous for this mutation. When a positive MAO-A mutation is combined with COMT V158M mutation. But in neurotransmitters may be more severe. These imbalances can potentially lead to neuro-psychiatric conditions and symptoms. These genetic variations are considered a risk factor for developing neuro-psychiatric conditions and symptoms such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), mood swings, and aggressive and/or violent behavior. MAO catalyzes the degradation of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
Note: Doctors have clinically observed that patients with methylation problems (especially those of Autism) Often have trouble breaking down neurotransmitters. The high activity version of MAO-A can contribute to the major depressive disorder. The significance of this SNP should be interpreted with caution.
MAO Types: MAOA gene
There are 2 different types of MAO, these include MAO A & MAO B, the metabolism of dopamine (DA) and other monoamines is generally contributed by both:
MAO A has a higher affinity for serotonin and norepinephrine.
MAO B has a higher affinity for beta-phenylethylamine (PEA).
The MAOA genotype can influence how these enzymes function, affecting the metabolism of neurotransmitters and contributing to variations in behavior and mental health.
Both forms of MAO have genes that up-regulate and down-regulate e.g. Fast enzyme = less serotonin or slow enzyme = more serotonin
MAO-A & B are X linked genes that are mitochondrial bound, they catalyze the oxidative deamination of dietary amines, monoamine neurotransmitters, and hormones such as:
Indoleamines – Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and Tryptamine
Catecholamines – dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Trace amines – beta-phenylethylamine, tyramine, and octopamine
Effects of MAOA Variants
Low MAOA Activity
Low MAOA activity results in higher levels of monoamine neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. This imbalance can manifest in various ways, including increased aggressive behavior, social and communication deficits, and repetitive behaviors. Additionally, low MAOA activity has been associated with reactive aggressive behavior and conditions like autism spectrum disorder. Understanding these effects is crucial for identifying potential risk factors and developing targeted treatments for individuals with low MAOA activity.
MAO problems / Symptoms related to mood and anxiety disorders
Serotonin imbalances are common with MAO these include:
Low serotonin (From high MAO A)
Aggression
Anxiety / Social anxiety
Carbohydrate craving
Constipation – serotonin is required for control of gut motility as it activates smooth muscle activity.
Depression – worse during winter
Impulsive tendencies
Insomnia
Low pain tolerance
Low self esteem
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder
Poor dream recall
Social phobia
Suicidal thoughts
Negative thoughts
High serotonin (From low MAO A)
Aggressive behaviour
Antisocial behaviour
Confusion
Extreme agitation
GI distress / nausea
Muscle twitching
*Mental health symptoms in bold.
These imbalances can potentially lead to neuro-psychiatric conditions and symptoms such as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), mood disorders, mood swings, and aggressive and/or violent behavior.
Additionally, genetic variations in the MAO-A gene can influence the body’s stress response, contributing to stress related disorders such as PTSD and depression.
Possible MAO inhibitors
Agrimony
Angelica Archangelica (not for diabetes)
Barbery
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus)
Celery (apium graveolens)
Coffee
Coriander
Curcumin
Echinacea
Evening Primrose
St Johns Wort
Uva Ursi
Variations in the MAOA gene, often referred to as the ‘warrior gene’, have been linked to aggressive and impulsive behaviors, particularly under stress.
MAO gene mutations symptoms and behaviors:
Lifestyle Changes to Support MAOA Health
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial for supporting MAOA health and reducing the risk of related disorders. Here are some lifestyle changes that can help:
Diet and Nutrition
A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can help support the MAOA enzyme’s activity. Foods high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon and walnuts, can also help reduce inflammation and promote brain health. Additionally, avoiding foods high in tyramine, such as aged cheeses and fermented meats, can help reduce the risk of MAOA-related disorders.
Include foods rich in vitamin B2 (riboflavin), such as dairy products, leafy greens, and whole grains, to support MAOA enzyme activity.
Consume foods high in antioxidants, such as berries and other fruits, to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation.
Avoid foods high in advanced glycation end (AGE) products, such as charred meats and processed foods, which can stimulate MAOA activity.
Stress Management Techniques
Chronic stress can negatively impact MAOA health and increase the risk of related disorders. Engaging in stress-reducing activities, such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing exercises, can help mitigate this risk.
Practice mindfulness techniques, such as meditation and deep breathing exercises, to reduce stress and promote relaxation.
Engage in regular exercise, such as walking or jogging, to reduce stress and improve mood.
Get adequate sleep, aiming for 7-9 hours per night, to help regulate MAOA activity and reduce stress.
Exercise and Physical Activity
Regular exercise can help reduce stress, improve mood, and support MAOA health. Engaging in physical activity, such as walking or jogging, can also help reduce the risk of MAOA-related disorders.
Engage in regular aerobic exercise, such as walking or jogging, to reduce stress and improve mood.
Incorporate strength training exercises, such as weightlifting or bodyweight exercises, to improve overall health and reduce the risk of MAOA-related disorders.
Practice relaxation techniques, such as yoga or tai chi, to reduce stress and promote relaxation.
